Effect of Process Techniques on Three Feedstocks Mix on Briquette Performance Properties
Wilberforce Okwara,
Daudi Nyaanga,
Peter Kabok,
Jane Nyaanga
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
1-8
Received:
13 January 2022
Accepted:
4 February 2022
Published:
16 February 2022
Abstract: Energy availability at domestic level is a challenge across the world and especially in Africa. Firewood is the major source of energy for cooking for households in Kenya and there is need for a friendly sustainable environmental fuel. Carbonized biomass materials (briquettes) are considered a substitute. This study thus evaluated effect of selected briquetting techniques on briquettes’ performance properties. Milled charcoal dusts mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1 (Rice husk, maize cob, and sugarcane bagasse) with molasses binder in the ratio of 6:1 was hence ready for densification and agglomeration. The Water Boiling Test was used in determination of the briquette’s performance characteristics for various parameters. High (screw press); and low (drum agglomerator and hand making) pressure briquetting techniques were distinctly different in ignition time (minutes), time to boil (minutes) burning rate (g/min), specific fuel consumption (g/ml) and power output (kW) values as (4, 3, 3; 14, 12, 11: 0.8, 1.1, 1.3; 0.11, 0.13, 0.15; and 1.8, 1.4, 0.75). Diversified briquetting techniques, number and type of feedstocks are thus factors that influence performance characteristics of briquettes in converting the agricultural and or other wastes for useful energy application. This knowledge should enable users to make choices on techniques for optimum efficiency towards realization of Sustainable Development Goal Number #7 on affordable and clean energy.
Abstract: Energy availability at domestic level is a challenge across the world and especially in Africa. Firewood is the major source of energy for cooking for households in Kenya and there is need for a friendly sustainable environmental fuel. Carbonized biomass materials (briquettes) are considered a substitute. This study thus evaluated effect of selecte...
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Optimization of Collagen Extraction from Sheep Raw Trimming Wastes Using Acid Hydrolysis
Muleta Ali Wakjira,
Girma Gonfa Hunde,
Muluneh Ayalew Balcha,
Nedumaran Balasubramanian
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2022
Pages:
9-18
Received:
9 February 2022
Accepted:
4 March 2022
Published:
11 March 2022
Abstract: Although leather industry plays a significant role in the global economy, it has been categorized as one of highly polluting industries due to its generation of huge amount liquid and solid wastes. Large amount of solid and liquid wastes is generated from tanning industries during leather manufacturing process. These wastes bring about various problems to the environment and human health. Tannery wastes contain significant amount of raw skin wastes that are produced in hide/leather trimming process. The recycling and use of these raw skin/hide wastes (trimming wastes) is very important from environmental as well as economic point of views. The aim of this work was to investigate production of collagen from sheep skin trimming waste. The trimming waste was first pre-treated and then acetic acid hydrolysed to extract collagen. The extracted collagen was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize collagen extraction parameters (acetic acid, mixing ratio and extraction time). A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based RSM was applied to determine the optimal conditions to obtain maximum collagen yield. A maximum collagen yield of 25.75% was obtained at optimum conditions (acetic acid concentration of 0.54 M, skin to acetic acid ratio of 0.03 g/ml and extraction time 3.33 day) using the RSM. Under these optimum conditions, experimental determined collagen yield of acid-soluble collagen was 25.85% which is in good agreement with the predicted value.
Abstract: Although leather industry plays a significant role in the global economy, it has been categorized as one of highly polluting industries due to its generation of huge amount liquid and solid wastes. Large amount of solid and liquid wastes is generated from tanning industries during leather manufacturing process. These wastes bring about various prob...
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